Есть пять, которые добавляют пятую (к оплате основного долга): тот, кто ест t'rumah, [не священник, который ест t'rumah gedolah невольно], и t'rumath ma'aser [ma'aser from ma 'aser] и t'rumath ma'aser of demai [Тот, кто покупает продукты из am ha'aretz, должен отделить t'rumath ma'aser, но не t'rumah gedolah, все должны быть внимательны, чтобы отделить это], и хала и биккурим. (Тот, кто ест это) добавляет пятую. [Все эти пять считаются одним, все называются "t'rumah", и все относятся к этой категории]. А тот, кто искупает нета реваи (плоды четвертого года) и его маасер шени, добавляет пятый. [("neta revai" :) Это происходит от "святой" (Левит 19:24)—"святой" (там же, 27:30) от маасер шени, как добавление пятого. И эти два также считаются одним, оба взяты из одного стиха по отношению к маасеру. («его маасер шени» :) [Именно от «своего» маазера он добавляет пятую часть, где написано (там же 31): «… человек своего маасера».] Тот, кто выкупает его хекдеш добавляет пятую. [«его хекдеш», а не других, написано (Левит 27:19): «… тот, кто его освящает»). Тот, кто извлекает пользу из п'руты [невольно] из хекдеша, несет ответственность за жертвоприношение me'ilah («оскорбление») и добавляет пятое. А тот, кто крадет ценность пруты у своего соседа и клянется (ложно) ему, добавляет пятую.
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
האוכל תרומה – the Great [Priest’s Due] (i.e., 2%). A foreigner (i.e., non-Kohen) who ate the Great Terumah/Priest’s Due.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
This mishnah lists five cases in which a person must add a fifth of the value of something. [Note that the mishnah lists five fifths. This is clearly an aid to memory and not just a coincidence].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
ותרומת מעשר – a tithe from a tithe (i.e., the gift that the Levite gives to a Kohen – one-tenth of what he receives).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
There are five cases in which one must add a fifth: One who eats terumah, or the terumah taken from the tithe, or the terumah from a tithe taken from doubtfully tithed produce, or dough offering, or first fruits, must add a fifth [to the value of the principle when he makes restitution]. This is a list of agricultural offerings which must be given to the Priest. One who eats one of these things accidentally must restore the value of what was eaten plus a fifth. For further explanation of what these offerings are look at the Steinsaltz reference guide.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
ותורמת מעשר של דמאי – He who purchases grain from an ignoramus, needs to separate the tenth-of-a-tenth, but not the Great Priest’s Due, for everyone was careful with it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
One that redeems [the fruit of] a fourth year plant, or his second tithe, must add a fifth. The fruit of a new plant is forbidden for the first three years. During the fourth year the fruit must be brought to Jerusalem and eaten there. So, too, the second tithe must be brought to Jerusalem and eaten there. If a person wishes to avoid carrying such a heavy load of produce all the way to Jerusalem he may “redeem” his produce and bring the money to Jerusalem. [Afterwards he will be able to eat the produce outside of Jerusalem]. If he redeems the produce he must redeem it at a fifth more than its value.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
וחלה וביכורים – all of these five are one, and all of them are called “Terumah”/Priest’s Due, and from one denomination they come.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
One that redeems that which he dedicated [to the Temple] must add a fifth. If someone dedicates something to the Temple and the object which he dedicates cannot be sacrificed at the Temple, such as a piece of land, he can “redeem” the object with money and donate the money to the Temple. If he redeems the dedicated object he must add a fifth of its value.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
נטע רבעי – he derives "קודש"/”holy” (Leviticus 19:27) from "קודש" /”holy” (Leviticus 27:30) from Second Tithe, that one adds one fifth, and both of them are all considered one thing, since from one Biblical verse they are derived, since they are derived from Second Tithe.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
One that derives a perutah’s worth of benefit from that which belongs to the sanctuary must add a fifth [when he makes restitution]. Someone who benefits from that which belongs to the Temple has committed sacrilege. When he makes restitution for that which he has taken, for instance if he illegally ate a sacrifice, he must add a fifth of the value of that which he consumed.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
ומעשר שני שלו – exactly, and he adds one-fifth, since it is written (Leviticus 27:31): “[If anyone wishes to redeem] any of his tithes, he must add one fifth to them.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
One who steals that which is worth a perutah from his fellow must add a fifth [when he makes restitution]. If a person steals from his fellow and then swears that he did not do so, and subsequently is caught or wishes to repent, he must restore not only the value of that which he stole, but an added fifth as well.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
הקדשו – and not of others, for the word "המקדיש"/”who consecrates (Leviticus 27:19 – “And if he who consecrates the land wishes to redeem it, he must add one-fifth to the sum at which it was assessed, and it shall pass to him.”) is written.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
Questions for Further Thought: • Mishnah eight: Is there another possibility for counting the five “fifths” in mishnah eight?
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
הנהנה – inadvertently, is liable for a sacrifice of sacrilege (i.e., unlawful use of sacred property) and one-fifth.
